Psychology of Learning
Behavioristic Psychology
- Antecedent Stimuli: The stimuli that precedes the behavior
- Controlled Stimuli (CS)
- Uncontrolled Stimuli (US)
- Consequences
- Reinforcement
- Punishment
- Unconditioned: Occurs without learning taking place
- Conditioned: Occurs after learning has taken place
- Stimulus: An environmental event that affects an organism (human, animal)
- Response: A reaction to the stimulus
Ivan P. Pavlov Classical conditioning: explains learning on the association, repetition, and substitution of stimuli.
Pavlov's Dog Example:
Give Pavlov's dog an Unconditioned Stimulus (US), like food, and it will evoke an Unconditioned Response (UR), the salivation of the dog. Repeatedly pair the food (US) with a Conditioned Stimulus (CS), like a buzzer (every time you present the food you sound the buzzer). After much repetition, you will be able to present only the CS (the sound of the buzzer) and it will still evoke salivation (not as strong though). This response is now referred to as a Conditioned Response (CR).
John B. Watson
Human qualities are determined by the environment because individuals are born with only a few reflexes and early responses become conditioned to other stimuli by being repeatedly paired with them.
E.L. Thorndike
Law of Effect: learning is a consequence of the effect of behavior, responses that lead to a satisfying state of affairs will tend to be repeated.
Law of Multiple Responses: in a problem situation people will respond in a variety of ways until one of the responses is reinforced; learning occurs as a process of trial and error.
Edwin Guthrie
Whenever a response follows a stimulus, there will be a tendency for the same response to occur the next time the same stimulus is present.
- Fatigue Technique
- Threshold Approach
- Method of Incompatible Stimuli
Burrus Frederick Skinner
Operant Conditioning: learning results from the reinforcement of responses emitted by an organism.
Programmed Instruction: deliberate arrangement of material to take advantage of the effects of reinforcement.
Behavior Modification: various systematic programs for changing and controlling behavior.
A-B-C: An antecedent stimulus creates the Behavior and the Consequence sustains or diminishes it.
Clark L. Hull
Input Variable
Intervening Variables
Output Variables
Habit-Family Hierarchy
Transition
Donald O. Hebb
Arousal-Based Theory of Motivation: optimal human functioning is made possible by a moderate level of arousal.
Edward Chase Tolman
Purposive Behaviorism: behavior is purposive; behavior is directed/guided by goals, not stimuli; emphasized the molar (global/ whole behavior) instead of the molecular (S-R); learning as a function of reinforcement is because the cognitive awareness of the reward guides the behavior (nothing else) so it is purposive.
Gestalts: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. People learn through insight.
Closure
Proximity
Symmetry
Continuity
Prägnanz
Köhler
Koffka
Wertheimer
Cognitive Psychology
- Perceiving
- Organizing
- Decision Making
- Attention
- Problem Solving
- Information Processing
- Memory
- Motivation
Jerome Bruner
Theory of Categorizing: classifying objects in terms of their properties/attributes.
Was one of the first to reject the constraints of behaviorism.
Jean Piget
Development; Stages of child development (milestones).
